Ethereum was cheaper than anticipated in 2020, and rollup decentralization was slower than promised in 2021. These two realities are compelled the ecosystem to rewrite what “a layer-2” is for.
Vitalik Buterin’s current publish on Ethereum Analysis bluntly frames the shift: the unique imaginative and prescient of layer-2 (L2) blockchains as “branded shards” of Ethereum is not viable, and the ecosystem requires a brand new path.
Nonetheless, this is not abandonment. As an alternative, it’s a re-tiering of expectations and a sharper definition of what various kinds of rollups are literally constructing.
The query now’s the brand new job description, because the premise underlying the rollup-centric roadmap has weakened.
Stage 2 is scarce
L2BEAT gives the clearest framework for understanding rollup decentralization by means of its Levels system.
Stage 0 denotes that coaching wheels stay in place, with significant belief assumptions persisting.
Stage 1 represents partial decentralization with stronger escape hatches and proof ensures, however nonetheless significant improve or governance belief.
Stage 2 is the “no coaching wheels” milestone, by which important security properties are enforced by code relatively than by discretionary actors.
The present distribution of worth secured throughout the L2 ecosystem signifies this. In accordance with L2BEAT’s rollup scaling abstract, roughly 91.5% of the listed worth sits in Stage 1 rollups, 8.5% in Stage 0, and roughly 0.01% in Stage 2.
The highest three rollups by worth account for roughly 71% of the entire, indicating that “Stage 2 progress” largely relies on the selections of the biggest few tasks, relatively than on what smaller experimental chains try.
The core blocker is whether or not the proof techniques may be overridden and whether or not upgrades face robust delays and constraints.
Improve discretion stays frequent among the many largest rollups, and shifting past it has confirmed slower and tougher than anticipated by the 2020-2021 optimism.
Some tasks have explicitly said that they may not wish to proceed beyond Stage 1, citing not solely technical constraints associated to zkEVM security but additionally regulatory necessities that require absolute management.
That is a official product determination for sure buyer bases, however it clarifies that these chains are usually not “scaling Ethereum” within the sense the rollup-centric roadmap initially meant.
| Undertaking | Stage | TVS ($) | Proof kind | Improve key / safety council current? | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arbitrum One | 1 | 16.16B | Optimistic | Sure | Emergency path can skip delays |
| Base Chain | 1 | 10.99B | Optimistic | Sure | Upgrades accredited by a number of events; no delay |
| OP Mainnet | 1 | 1.88B | Optimistic | Sure | Safety council prompt improve energy |
| Lighter | 0 (Appchain) | 1.27B | Validity | Sure | 21d delay, emergency can go to 0 |
| Starknet | 1 | 676.17M | Validity | Sure | Safety council can improve with no delay |
| Ink | 1 | 523.71M | Optimistic | Sure | Safety council + basis approvals; no common delay |
| Linea | 0 | 492.93M | Validity | Sure | Multisig can improve with no delay |
| ZKsync Period | 0 | 417.07M | Validity | Sure | Emergency board can bypass improve delays |
| Katana | 0 | 297.94M | Validity | Sure | safety council can take away the improve delay |
| Unichain | 1 | 168.81M | Optimistic | Sure | no exit window for normal upgrades; prompt powers |
Why the constraints modified
The Oct. 2, 2020, publish “A rollup-centric Ethereum roadmap” on the Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians laid out the unique thesis.
Gasoline costs have been climbing, some purposes have been being compelled to close down, and the conclusion was that the ecosystem could be “all-in on rollups” for the close to and medium time period.
Base-layer scaling ought to prioritize knowledge capability for rollups, and customers would more and more dwell on L2.
Two arduous info have shifted since then. First, L1 is considerably cheaper at current. Etherscan exhibits a seven-day common transaction charge of round $0.35 and fuel snapshots within the fractions of a gwei.
On Jan. 16, Ethereum recorded an all-time excessive of two,885,524 transactions in a single day. The narrative is “busier and cheaper,” precisely the alternative of the 2020 disaster that motivated the rollup-centric roadmap.
Second, L1 execution capability is rising. Ethereum’s block fuel restrict was raised to roughly 60 million after broad validator signaling in late 2025, up from the long-standing 30 million restrict.
At roughly 12-second blocks, 60 million fuel interprets to roughly 5 million fuel per second.
Aspirational neighborhood discussions have talked about targets as excessive as 180 million fuel, which might characterize a threefold enhance, although that is still directional relatively than dedicated.
The clear interpretation: the 2020 premise that “L1 cannot scale for many customers” is weaker in right now’s charge regime. This creates room for L2s to be a spectrum of safety and sovereignty trade-offs relatively than all being near-identical “shards” competing solely on value.
L2s as a spectrum, not clones
Buterin’s proposed reframing treats L2s as occupying a full spectrum.
On one finish are chains backed by the complete religion and credit score of Ethereum, with distinctive properties, not simply EVM clones but additionally privacy-focused techniques, non-EVM execution environments, or ultra-low-latency sequencers.
On the different finish are choices with various ranges of Ethereum connectivity that customers and purposes can select based mostly on their particular wants.
The brand new minimal bar is simple: when you deal with ETH or Ethereum-issued property, attain at the least Stage 1.
In any other case, you are a separate L1 with a bridge, and may name your self that. The differentiation bar is tougher: be the most effective at one thing aside from “low cost EVM.”
Examples Buterin cites embody privateness, effectivity specialised to a selected software, actually excessive scaling past even an expanded L1, essentially different designs for non-financial applications similar to social or identification techniques, ultra-low-latency sequencing, or options similar to built-in oracles or decentralized dispute decision that are not computationally verifiable.
The mechanism that may facilitate that is nonetheless underneath investigation. A “native rollup precompile” would allow Ethereum to confirm a regular zkEVM proof throughout the protocol.
For rollups which might be “EVM plus extras,” this implies the canonical EVM verification happens trustlessly on the protocol degree, and the rollup solely must show its customized extensions individually.
This might allow stronger interoperability and pave the best way for synchronous composability, by which contracts throughout totally different rollups can work together throughout the identical transaction. But, it stays a analysis trajectory, not a deployed characteristic.
The Jan. 16 post “Combining preconfirmations with based mostly rollups for synchronous composability” and the Feb. 2 post “Synchronous composability between rollups through realtime proving” lay out the design house however do not characterize shipped protocol changes.
Three buckets rising
If this reframing takes maintain, anticipate rollups to separate into clearer classes.
The primary bucket is Stage 2-chasing settlement rollups that maximize Ethereum safety inheritance.
These tasks intention to attain code-enforced ensures with minimal discretionary governance, treating “scaling Ethereum” as their core mandate.
The second bucket is regulated or managed execution environments.
These optimize for compliance, permissioning, or particular institutional necessities. They could by no means progress past Stage 1 by design, and they need to market that management truthfully as a characteristic relatively than pretending to supply full decentralization.
The third bucket is specialised chains optimized for latency, privateness, app-specific execution, or non-financial use instances.
Privateness rollups utilizing zkProofs to cover transaction particulars, ultra-low-latency sequencers for buying and selling purposes, or social and identification techniques with essentially totally different state fashions all fall inside this class.
These do not must be EVM-compatible and even monetary to justify their existence, they should present worth that their customers cannot get elsewhere.
Initiatives similar to Arbitrum One, Optimism, Base, zkSync Period, and Starknet will every must resolve which class they’re pursuing. The ecosystem is giant sufficient to assist all three, however the assumption that each L2 performs the identical operate is fading.
What adjustments for customers and builders
For customers, the burden shifts to understanding ensures. Escape hatches, improve delays, proof techniques, and censorship resistance turn into product differentiators relatively than assumed properties.
Wallets and interfaces might want to label belief assumptions extra explicitly, and the L2BEAT Levels framework goals to make these assumptions legible.
For builders, “low cost EVM” is commoditized. Differentiation strikes to privateness and customized digital machines, ultra-low-latency sequencing, app-specific throughput optimizations, non-financial purposes in social, identification, or AI contexts, or compliance and permissioning as an specific product, with out claiming it is “Ethereum scaling.”
For the broader market narrative, anticipate a louder debate about whether or not L2s “inherit Ethereum safety” in apply relatively than as an aspiration.
The critique is already a speaking level amongst rival L1 proponents, and the ecosystem’s acknowledgment that many giant rollups stay at Stage 1 with discretionary governance offers that critique larger traction.
Is an L2 revolution about to start out?
Ethereum is unlikely to see an L2 revolution. As an alternative, it would witness a re-tiering.
The rollup-centric roadmap assumed that L2s could be near-identical “branded shards” competing totally on value, whereas L1 would stay costly and capacity-constrained.
That assumption not holds. L1 is cheaper and increasing, whereas L2s are diverging quicker than they’re converging of their safety fashions and use instances, regardless of Stage 2 decentralization.
The brand new path acknowledges that actuality. L2s that custody ETH or Ethereum-issued property ought to meet a minimal safety bar, Stage 1 at the least. And past that, they need to compete on specialization and specific ensures relatively than pretending to be interchangeable.
Native verification primitives and analysis on synchronous composability sign the place Ethereum goals to make that simpler, however these are trajectories, not deployed options.
The job description modified.
The minimal bar is to supply credible safety when dealing with Ethereum property. The differentiation bar is being the most effective at one thing, and being sincere concerning the belief mannequin.
The rollup-centric roadmap acquired upgraded to accommodate the truth that L1 is scaling and L2s are extra numerous than the unique imaginative and prescient anticipated.
